Gabor feature-based apple quality inspection using kernel principal component analysis

Automated inspection of apple quality involves computer recognition of good apples and blemished apples based on geometric or statistical features derived from apple images. This paper introduces a Gabor feature-based kernel principal component analysis (PCA) method by combining Gabor wavelet representation of apple images and the kernel PCA method for apple quality inspection using near-infrared (NIR) imaging. First, Gabor wavelet decomposition of whole apple NIR images was employed to extract appropriate Gabor features. Then, the kernel PCA method with polynomial kernels was applied in the Gabor feature space to handle non-linear separable features. The results show the effectiveness of the Gabor-based kernel PCA method in terms of its absolute performance and comparative performance compared to the PCA, kernel PCA with polynomial kernels, Gabor-based PCA and the support vector machine methods. Using the proposed Gabor kernel PCA eliminated the need for local feature segmentation, but also resolved the nonlinear separable problem. An overall 90.6% recognition rate was achieved. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.